NLM Citation Guide

NLM Citation Guide for Observational Research

Complete guide to citing sources in NLM style specifically for observational research. Learn formatting rules, examples, and best practices.

About NLM Style

NLM style is used by the National Library of Medicine and adopted by many biomedical journals. It is closely related to Vancouver style and uses numbered citations.

Common Uses:

Biomedical journals
Medical research
Health sciences
PubMed-indexed journals

NLM Citation Examples

Book Citation:

Author AA. Title of Book. Place: Publisher; Year.

Journal Article Citation:

Author AA. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;Volume(Issue):Pages.

Website Citation:

Author AA. Title of page [Internet]. Website Name; Year [cited Date]. Available from: URL

In-Text Citation:

[1] or superscript¹

Best Practices for Observational Research

Always verify your citations match the NLM style requirements
Use consistent formatting throughout your observational research
Include all required elements for each source type
Double-check in-text citations match your reference list
Use citation management tools to ensure accuracy

Other Citation Styles for Observational Research

APA Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in APA style for observational research.

MLA Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in MLA style for observational research.

Chicago Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in Chicago style for observational research.

IEEE Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in IEEE style for observational research.

Harvard Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in Harvard style for observational research.

Vancouver Citation Guide for Observational Research

Learn how to cite sources in Vancouver style for observational research.

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