Citation Style Guides
Complete guides for all major citation styles used in academic writing.
APA
American Psychological Association
APA style is used primarily in psychology, education, and social sciences. It emphasizes author-date citations and clear, concise writing.
MLA
Modern Language Association
MLA style is used in humanities, especially literature and language studies. It emphasizes author-page citations and works cited pages.
Chicago
Chicago Manual of Style
Chicago style offers two systems: Notes-Bibliography (humanities) and Author-Date (sciences). It's widely used in history and publishing.
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE style is used in engineering, computer science, and technology fields. It uses numbered citations in square brackets.
Harvard
Harvard Referencing Style
Harvard style is widely used in UK universities and emphasizes author-date citations. It's common in business, humanities, and social sciences.
Vancouver
Vancouver Referencing Style
Vancouver style uses numbered citations and is common in medical and scientific journals. Citations are numbered sequentially.
ACS
American Chemical Society
ACS style is used in chemistry and related fields. It uses numbered citations in superscript or in parentheses.
AMA
American Medical Association
AMA style is used in medical and health sciences. It uses superscript numbers for citations.
Turabian
Turabian Style
Turabian style is based on Chicago style and is commonly used in history, literature, and the arts. It offers both notes-bibliography and author-date systems.
CSE
Council of Science Editors
CSE style is used in biological and physical sciences. It offers name-year, citation-sequence, and citation-name systems.
OSCOLA
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
OSCOLA is used for legal citations in UK and Commonwealth jurisdictions. It uses footnotes and emphasizes precision in legal references.
MHRA
Modern Humanities Research Association
MHRA style is used in humanities, especially in UK universities. It uses footnotes and a bibliography.
Bluebook
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
Bluebook is the standard legal citation system used by law schools, courts, and legal journals in the United States. It provides rules for citing cases, statutes, secondary sources, and more.
NLM
National Library of Medicine
NLM style is used by the National Library of Medicine and adopted by many biomedical journals. It is closely related to Vancouver style and uses numbered citations.
APSA
American Political Science Association
APSA style is used in political science research and publications. It uses an author-date citation system similar to Chicago Author-Date.
ASA
American Sociological Association
ASA style is used in sociology and related social science disciplines. It uses an author-date citation system and is based on the Chicago Manual of Style.
AAA
American Anthropological Association
AAA style is used in anthropology and related disciplines. It is based on the Chicago Author-Date system and is used in American Anthropologist and other AAA publications.
AGLC
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
AGLC is the standard legal citation guide for Australian law schools, courts, and legal journals. It uses a footnote-based citation system.